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Papers
A-- REFUTATION OF REST ENERGY E = mc2 [Download]
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B- Standard Atomic Model Refuted [Download]
Atoms don’t comprise nuclei and electron shells
Nuclei don’t comprise Z protons and (A – Z) neutrons
There are no perpetually spinning protons, neutrons and electrons
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BA--Axiomatic of Mechanics [Download]
I - Undefined fundamental notions of mechanics:
• Space and movement
• Force
• quantitas materiae A
or number of H-atoms
Prout’s idea that an element with mass number A is a specific configuration of A hydrogen atoms
II - Defined notions:
Time is defined since Aristotle: time is the duration of movement.
Time is a relation and not a physical process. Thinking at time dilatation is a category mistake. A measure cannot have a dilatation. Only a clockwork mechanism can change its periodicity due to physical circumstances.
Energy is defined: E ≡ ∫ F ds
Energy is no physical entity or thing; it is a measure, a bookkeeping device when we require that energies of a process must be conserved. Thinking at energy lumps of magnitude hf is a category mistake: energy is not a thing that can be divided and energy is continuous. (h = Planck’s constant, f = frequency)
III - Axioms
Natural laws or law-sketches:
F ∝ ma is not the definition of force but a law-sketch that expresses that the force F must overcome an aether resistance ma in order to accelerate (a) a body.
A natural science like mechanics cannot be based on a definition but on natural laws!
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C--The Proutian Atom: All Elements Consist of Hydrogen [Download]
C--The Proutian Atom: All Elements Consist of Hydrogen
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CA-- Planck’s energy quantum is a category mistake [Download]
Epistemology of physics, category mistakes
In physics most category mistakes are ontological errors concerning the basic categories of
inorganic being and their relations. According to wikipedia by a category error a property is
ascribed to a thing that could not possibly have that property.
Concise: category mistakes = misascription of properties.
Or we can say that a category mistake is an error of logic where concepts belonging to
different categories are inappropriately related. (encarta.msn.com/diction)
Examples: time dilatation, space expansion. Time and space are not objects that can
decelerate or expand, respectively. Time and space are relations and measures.
Planck introduced in 1900 the category mistake of energy quanta.
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CB--Element formation by H, D, He, C and O building blocks
Basic building block hydrogen
Hydrogen: magnetic coupling of proton and electron
Bonding of atoms due to magnetic coupling
Not either nucleus or electron orbital! [Download]
Element formation by H, D, He, C and O building blocks
Basic building block hydrogen
Hydrogen: magnetic coupling of proton and electron
Bonding of atoms due to magnetic coupling
Not either nucleus or electron orbital!
Empirical evidence for low energy fusion
Periodic table due to element formation
and configuration of atomic building blocks
Refutation of quantum mechanics based periodic table
Periodic pattern not due to electron valence configuration. Extra nuclear electrons
don’t exist. Hydrogen consists of a proton and an electron that are magnetically coupled.
Elements are fusion products of hydrogen, deuterium, helium, carbon and oxygen building
blocks. Helium consists of four hydrogen atoms.
Neutrons are not elementary nuclear particles. “Neutrons” are excited hydrogen atoms.
During fission of an element hydrogen atoms can be decay products.
They are excited and decay also: H* —> p+ + e-.
The quantity of neutrons in terms of quantum mechanics is N = A (mass number) – Z
(atomic number). For the compact atomic model that consists of hydrogen’s only,
N denotes the number of hydrogen’s that possess shielded electrons.
By low ionization energies these electrons cannot be removed.
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D--Neutrons are Decaying Excited Hydrogen Atoms [Download]
HYDROGEN ATOMS ARE DESTABILIZED
DURING DECOMPOSITION OF THE ATOM
• Unstable neutrons are not components of the atoms
• All atoms are made up of hydrogen
• The discoverer of the decaying neutron was Robson in 1950
and not Chadwick
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Das Phantom im Atom [Download]
Standard-Atommodell:
Trennung von Kern und Elektronenhülle ist falsch.
Renaissance des Äthers. Existenzbeweise für den Äther.
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Descartes, the Inventor of the Principle of Inertia [Download]
International Conference / Perugia, Italy, Sept. 4-7
Cartesio e la Scienza / Descartes and Scientific Thought 1596-1996
In mechanics the principle of inertia is the result of an erroneous gedankenexperiment and not an empirical law. The inventor of the homomorph gedankenexperiment was Descartes.
Revisited in 2008: Please see the article Refutation of Rest energy E = mc2. Energy is not convertible into inert mass. Mass has no dimension.
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E--Neutrons don't comprise neutrinos
The Neutrino is a Stopgap for Inherently Flawed Quantum Mechanics [Download]
[Download] Who has detected the neutrino? It was not detected, it was ordered as a remedy to save a
theory in troublesThe neutrino energy crisis:
Quantum mechanics ignorance to determine the energy balance of neutron decay
The neutrino – a stopgap to save E = mc2
The neutrino spin crisis:
Why protons, electrons and neutrons have spin? Spins are not detectable.
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EB--COMPTON EFFECT IS A RAMAN WAVE EFFECT [Download]
Intensities of scattered rays are not explicable in terms of Quantum Mechanics, which presupposes a X-ray photon that carry energy E =hf. Therefore, QM is inherently flawed.
The Compton effect can be interpreted to be a Raman effect. The Raman effect can be interpreted in terms of wave theory.
An incident X ray causes an excitation of the crystal. The crystal is coupled with an electromagetic medium that works as a transmitter. The Raman-like frequencies shifts that we observe are the eigenfrequencies oft this medium.
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H--FRANCK-HERTZ EXPERIMENT NOT A VERIFICATION OF THE EXISTENCE OF DEFINITE ENERGY QUANTA [Download]
Atoms absorb energy in precise and definite amounts because the atom is an oscillator with natural resonant frequencies. When frequencies of incident EM waves coincide with these natural frequencies, then the majority energy absorption takes place. Incident photon lumps cannot explain conceivably the energy absorption process.
“Quantisation” means natural frequencies of an oscillator and not quantised energy packets.
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J--Raman atomic spectra indicate forced natural frequencies
of an all-pervading electromagnetic medium [Download]
The hydrogen line spectrum shows Raman shifts
Hydrogen spectra indicate some features of the atom
The Rydberg formula represents a forced
vibration
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K--Quantum Mechanics Cannot Explain Intensities of Hydrogen Spectra [Download]
Also different intensities of adjacent lines show that E = hf is not a natural law
Consider the wavelengths of hydrogen radiation. For the familiar two red lines the splitting is about 0.016 nm. According to quantum physics the lines have a corresponding minute energy difference of only 0.000045 eV because energy is allegedly E = hf. If this were the case, the relative intensity difference of 50% for the two red lines is not explicable.
Remember that in terms of quantum theory the intensity of a line means the number of photon shots and that all photons assigned to a line have the same energy. So, when the brighter hydrogen red line is caused by 50% more photon shots than the less bright one, there is only one explanation for this difference: When the 2 spin states (spin up or spin down) of the orbiting electron occur in a ratio of 1 : 1.5 then the ratio of the produced photons with the energy difference of 0,00045 eV is the same. For this quantum behaviour QM offers no explanation. Therefore, in terms of QM the different brightness of adjacent lines is not explicable!
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M--Elementary Permanent-Ring Magnet Atomic Model [Download]
Elementary permanent-ring magnet atomic model
The nuclear atomic model with extra nuclear electrons or standing waves is untenable. Atoms as magnetically coupled oscillators.
Stern, Gerlach, Rabi and others detected the magnetic properties of the atoms. This suggested one conjecture, namely that the atoms are made up of tiny magnets. The ring magnets are not solenoids but elementary permanent ring magnets. It is assumed that hydrogen is made up of four permanent elementary ring magnets.
I assume that hydrogen exists in two varieties, namely ortho-H and para-H. Both varieties have many degrees of freedom and therefore many vibration modes with the corresponding eigenfrequencies.
Hydrogen is the building block of all elements. The formation of elements is due to magnetic coupling. Helium for example consists of 4 hydrogen atoms. The neutron is a decaying hydrogen atom in fission processes.
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MNR Unexplainable by Quantum Theory [Download]
No empirical evidence for nuclear spin. Magnetic coupling is the bonding agent of molecules. Molecules possess magnetic resonance frequencies. A molecule is an electromagnetic oscillator with many degrees of freedom. When atoms or molecules are placed in a static magnetic field, the atomic magnets (N-S dipoles) experience a torque, which aligns their magnetic poles with the external field vector. The oriented atoms are now irradiated with electromagnetic radiation. If this radiation has the eigenfrequencies of the atomic or molecular oscillator, resonance occurs. What we measure are only resonant frequencies. Quantum physicists claim that the resonant frequency is identical with the frequency of an alleged magnetic moments precession of a nucleon. The cause of the magnetic moment is the spin of the charged nucleon. But the measured resonant frequencies do not imply the existence of spinning nucleons! The precessing proton – a myth. The alleged spin-spin coupling. Nuclear precession and spin flip.
BrCH2CH3CH2OD case study refutes spin-spin coupling model. „Decoupling“ does not occur.
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Nature of Chemical Bonding [Download]
Covalent, ionic and metallic bonding models cannot explain the dynamic stability of molecules
There are no valence electrons that operate as bonding agents
Chemical bonding is due to magnetic coupling
Hydrogen atoms are the connecting links between atomic cores that consist of hydrogen building blocks
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P--Heat Capacities Depend on Crystal Structures [Download]
Molar heat capacities of metals depend on crystal structure
According to the prevailing quantum theory metallic bonding is an interplay of the free valence electrons that constitute the so-called electron cloud and the ion cores of the lattice atoms. The electrons allegedly drift in a random manner through the lattice of ion cores. The bonding model explains metals as a lattice of ion cores held together by a gas of free electrons! The electron gas cannot hold together the ion cores that are repelling each other!
Here I propose an atomic model according to William Prout (1815): each chemical element is made out of hydrogen atoms. The so-called mass number A represent the number of the constituting hydrogen atoms. Bonding is due to magnetic coupling because each hydrogen atom is a magnet; hydrogen itself is composed of 4 elementary ring magnets that are charged +—+—.
Molecules are atoms conjoined in some way. Bonding in molecules is also due to magnetic coupling. Bonding agents are hydrogen atoms. There are 3 varieties of H-bonds: a single hydrogen, 2 hydrogen atoms in series or 2 hydrogen bonds parallel.
Molar heat capacity depends on the crystal structure of the element or molecule and on hydrogen bonding. The known crystal structures and heat capacities indicate the existing hydrogen bonding.
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PP-+ CNO Cycle Supernatural
[Download]
Stellar Hydrogen Fusion Does Not Work According to Supernatural Proton-Proton- or CNO Cycle [Download]
Only God could transubstantiate protons into neutrons
Helium nuclei are not made up of 2 neutrons and 2 protons
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Q--Magnetic Moments Not Due to Valence Electrons [Download]
Stern-Gerlach experiments revisited for H and H2
Magnetically deflected hydrogen rays indicate ortho- and paramagnetic varieties. Of H and H2. There is no extranuclear electron in the hydrogen atom.
Pauli’s exclusion principle and the H-atom
According to Pauli even any valence electron has zero angular momentum. From a physical point of view a zero angular momentum is a zero angular velocity of the electron. It must crash into the nucleus and destroy the wonderful arranged electron shells.
Pauli made the assertion that the orbital angular momentum in the ground state is zero in order to save the phenomena, namely the 2-beam outcome of the Stern-Gerlach experiment. The Phipps-Taylor experiment shows for hydrogen also a branching of 2 beams but there is a central undeviated beam, too. This experimental result contradicts the exclusion rules of Pauli.
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R--Magnetic Moments Not Inversely Proportional to Mass [Download]
Flawed quantum atomic electrodynamics:
Magnetic moments are not inversely proportional to inert mass
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S--Electricity [Download]
Faraday versus Ampère: electrical conduction is not a flux of an electrical fluid (or a stream of charged particles) but a propagation of a polarization state of adjacent electric dipoles According to the prevailing quantum theory metallic bonding is an interplay of the free valence electrons that constitute the so-called electron cloud and the ion cores of the lattice atoms. The electrons allegedly drift in a random manner through the lattice of ion cores. The bonding model explains metals as a lattice of ion cores held together by a gas of free electrons! The electron gas cannot hold together the ion cores that are repelling each other!
On no conditions the electron gas constitutes the electric current, namely a stream or flux of charged particles. Electrical conduction is not a transport of something along the wire. Nature has chosen the wave as a means of propagating states with a minimum transport of masses and charges.
Case studies show that electrical conduction depends on crystal structure.
This is not explainable in terms of the model of drifting electrons.
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Special Theory of Relativity — a Confused Thought-Experiment [Download]
Russian Academy of Sciences
Scientific Research Inst. of Radio and Electronics
Selected Papers of 3-rd Int. Conference
Problems of Space, Time, Gravitation
May 22-27, 1994
St. Petersburg, Russia
Politechnika
St. Petersburg, 1995
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Stefan Marinov:
New Measurement of the Earth’s Absolute Velocity With the Help of the "Coupled Shutters" Experiment [Download]
Upon request I would like to publish here a paper of my late friend Stefan Marinov
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TA--The Hall Effect Part I [Download]
Theory of moving charge carriers cannot explain electrical conduction of the
Hall effect
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